Advisor(s)

Rama Kiran Chavali

Committee Member(s)

Amjad Javed
Chin-Chuan Fu
Daniel Givan
Nathaniel Lawson

Document Type

Thesis

Date of Award

6-18-2026

Degree Name

Master of Science in Dentistry (MSDent)

School

School of Dentistry

Department

Dentistry

Abstract

Background: Three-dimensionally printed (3D-printed) dentures are commonly fabricated using a single tooth-colored resin, after which surface stain and glaze coatings are applied to reproduce gingival coloration, enhance the esthetic appearance and improve clinical longevity of characterized prostheses. However, daily oral hygiene procedures such as toothbrushing degrade surface coatings, leading to discoloration, increased plaque retention, and deterioration of esthetic appearance. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of stain timing and glaze application on the surface gloss and roughness of a three-dimensionally printed denture resin before and after simulated toothbrushing Methods: 80 disc-shaped specimens (12 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness) were designed and printed with a tooth-colored resin. The printed specimens were divided into two groups: OPTIGLAZE Color (n = 40) and Palette 2.0 (n = 40). Each material group was further divided into four subgroups (n = 10): the timing of stain application (before or after post-curing) and the use of a glaze layer (with or without glaze). Simulated toothbrushing was performed. Surface roughness and gloss were measured before and after simulated toothbrushing. Statistical analysis was performed. Changes in gloss and surface roughness were analyzed separately for each stain material using two-way analysis of variance (2-way ANOVA). Interaction effects between these variables were also assessed. Statistical significance was established at α = 0.05. Results: For OPTIGLAZE group, a significant main effect of glaze was observed (p<.001), whereas stain timing (p=.941) and the interaction between stain timing and glaze (p=.797) were not significant. For the Palette group, a significant main effect of glaze (p<.001) and a significant interaction between stain timing and glaze (p<.001) were identified, while stain timing alone was not significant (p=.643). Two-way ANOVA of roughness change revealed no significant effects of stain timing, glaze, or their interaction for either OPTIGLAZE (Timing: p=.838; Glaze: p=.629; Interaction: p=.904) or Palette (Timing: p=.945; Glaze: p=.288; Interaction: p=.829). Conclusions: Glaze application is recommended to enhance gloss stability of 3D-printed restorations. Although toothbrushing increased surface roughness in all groups, neither stain timing nor glaze application significantly influenced Ra values. Stain timing appears to have minimal effect on gloss.

Keywords

Dentistry;Health sciences;Materials science

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